Introduction: Human error plays a significant role in the occurrence of industrial accidents. Displacement and unloading operations are operations in which the occurrence of human error may lead to plenty of human and financial losses. The present study aimed to investigate the possibility of human error occurrence in overhead crane operators in a Steel Company in Hormozgan, Iran. Material & Methods: This cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted using the Standardized Plant Analysis Risk-Human Reliability Analysis (SPARH) technique. In this study, the job tasks of overhead crane operators were firstly analyzed using the hierarchical task Analysis (HTA) technique. Subsequently, the probability of human error in job tasks was assessed using the (SPAR-H) technique. (Ethic code: IR. ACECR. JDM. REC. 1399. 005) Findings: Generally, five main tasks and 16 sub-tasks have been analyzed in this study. The highest probability of error was related to the three sub-tasks of longitudinal motion, transverse motion, and high and low motion (0. 3975). The lowest probability of error was under the duty of recording shift reports, transmitting information orally, and writing (0. 05). The results of this study clearly showed the effect of interdependence on increasing the probability of error occurrence. Discussion & Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, some preventive measures were proposed to reduce the possibility of human error, including identifying and controlling job stressors, correcting the ergonomic status of crane cabins, preparing work instructions, as well as training and monitoring their proper implementation.

Introduction: This research was conducted with the aim of evaluating human errors among nurses in three hospital wards including emergency, emergency delivery, and cardiac care wards in one of the hospitals of Ahwaz University of Medical Sciences to eliminate or reduce the human errors of nurses and promote the health and safety of patients through recognition of potential. and obvious human errors. Methods: The present applied and cross-sectional study was conducted among all 54 nurses in three wards of a hospital. The data were collected using direct observation of the activities of nurses and supervisors in each ward. After hierarchical Analysis of the tasks, human errors were identified and evaluated using Standardized Plant Analysis Risk-Human ((SPAR-H)) technique and the worksheets were completed. In the last step, the level of risk was evaluated using the probability and severity of the error. Results: Injection of blood products has the highest percentage of human errors (74. 3%) in the emergency ward. The highest percentages of human errors in the cardiac care unit ere related to duties such as giving injectable drugs (74. 3%), blood and its products transfusion (74. 3%), and announcement of code and initiation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (67. 8%). Higher probability of human errors in the emergency ward were observed in the receiving drug orders (32. 8%) and completing the drug orders (57. 1%) which are the main tasks of nurses in this ward. In the delivery emergency ward, blood transfusion had the highest percentage of human errors (74. 3%). Conclusion: The main identified human errors in this study were drug errors, errors related to the transfusion of blood products, and the maintenance of equipment and data storage errors. The main causes of these errors are shortage of time, irregular working shifts, and the limitations and defects in experience and education.

Background and Objective: Pipeline inspection gauge operation which is called “ pigging operation” is a practical online monitoring method for maintaining the pipeline in a healthy and safe condition. This operation requires high man-machine interactions. Therefore, it is sensitive to human error which can lead to catastrophic consequences, including human mortality. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was carried out to assess the probability of human error in pigging operation in a gas transmission Plant in Iran. Initially, hierarchical task Analysis was conducted via walking through the pigging operation, observing the pigging operation tasks, and doing interviews with operators working in the operation. Subsequently, the Standardized Plant Analysis Risk-Human Reliability Analysis ((SPAR-H)) was utilized to assess the human error probability. Results: In this study, (SPAR-H) method was implemented on “ pigging operation” . The mean value of human error probability (HEP) was estimated at 0. 218. It should be noted that the mean value of HEP was regarded as a subtask of “ opening bypass valve for decreasing pressure” , as well as a subtask with the highest probability of human error (0. 841). Conclusion: The (SPAR-H) method is a useful tool for practitioners to assess HEP. According to the obtained results, some of the preventive actions to reduce HEP include the utilization of more clarified instructions for performing operations as well as the automation of the launching and receiving pigging cups.

BACKGROUND: Human errors in the medical profession can lead to irreparable errors in people's lives, damage, and heavy costs. Among health care workers, nurses spend more time with patients compared to other personnel; hence, they are more prone to human error. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify and evaluate human errors using the Standardized Plant Analysis Risk-Human Reliability Analysis ((SPAR-H)) method in nursing staff of a general hospital in Qazvin Province, Iran. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in a general hospital in Qazvin during last 6 months of 2016 and first 6 months of 2017. The target population in the present study was nursing groups based on their highest work experience, from each section in hospital. The (SPAR-H) method was used to investigate human error in the population and the collected data were analyzed using SPSS software. RESULTS: The highest error related to inappropriate venipuncture with probability of 0. 7, and the least probable error related to error in entering the numbers of vital signs with the probability of 0. 0045. CONCLUSION: Due to the sensitivity of the role of nurses in hospitals, the need for increased workforce, the use of people with higher work experience in sensitive sectors, reducing overtime even for those who volunteered to work overtime, scientific scheduling of the personnel’ s work shifts, and providing practical training such as stress control methods in case of emergencies can be effective in reducing the probability of an error.

Background: Pigging operation is one of the maintenance activities that is used to check pipeline functionality in operational conditions using a PIG device and high pressure of liquid/gas, which is potentially hazardous. Objectives: The present study aimed at customizing (SPAR-H) methodology for the pigging operation using Bayesian networks (BNs). It also aimed at identifying and analyzing human errors in pigging operation in a gas transmission company. Methods: The current article was composed of two main steps. In the first step, the (SPAR-H) BN model was developed using expertelicited prior probabilities of pigging operation applied to Bayesian network. In this step, CPTs of PSF nodes are constructed using prior probabilities, which are achieved from expert opinion. The CPT of error node is developed using coding process of (SPAR-H) formula in a simulation node. In the second step, a descriptive study was carried out to estimate the probability of human errors in pigging operation in a gas transmission Plant in Iran. First, hierarchical task Analysis (HTA) was conducted by walking through the pigging operation and interviews with workers. Next, the (SPAR-H) BN model was utilized for estimation of human error probability. Results: The developed model was tested on the pigging operation subtasks. In the considered case study, the mean probability of human error was estimated as 0. 184. The highest probability of human error was related to “ opening the kicker valve for enhancing pressure” subtask. Conclusions: The BNs were helpful to adapt the (SPAR-H) methodology to the pigging operation using dedicated prior probabilities. Beside that, the probabilities of human error can be updated taking into account the more realistic operational and environmental conditions.

Background and Objectives: Human errors in dialysis care can cause injury and death. One of the basic steps to increase reliability in this critical process is to analyze the error and identify the weaknesses of doing this process. Methods: The present study is a descriptive-analytic cross-sectional study. The (SPAR-H) method was used to identify and evaluate the probability of human error in the dialysis process. The hospital had six dialysis department and 16 dialysis machines with two nurses in each department. Data collection was done by observing the dialysis process, interview with nurses, reviewing the documents, methods of work and work instructions. Results: The present study showed that the probability of human error in the duties of a dialysis nurse is in the range of 0. 02-0. 44 (except for devices related to disorder), which is related to sub-duty preparing patient as lowest rate and sub-duty of the pump set-off as highest error rate. Conclusion: To reduce and control the human error in nursing duties in the dialysis department, control measures should be done such as increasing the number of personnel, changing the time shift of nurses, and training, preparing and revising the instructions.

Dear Editor-in-Chief: Nurses spend much more time dealing with patients compared with other healthcare personnel. This group has a significant role in identification of threatening complexities of patients, removing medical errors and in keeping patients safe, on the other hand, a considerable amount of human errors is committed by nurses.

Background: Considerable attention has been paid recently to medical errors in health care system. Taking into account that nurses spend more time with patients in comparison with other staff, they are more prone to human errors. The present research was done to investigate nurses' errors in delivery emergency ward of one of the Tehran University of Medical Sciences hospitals. Material & Methods: In the present coss-sectional study, first, task Analysis was conducted for nursing proffession, using Hierarchical task Analysis (HTA) technique. Following, the Human Error Probability (HEP) was determined employing (SPAR-H) method and dependences of performance-shaping factors (PSFs) and action and diagnosis activities were identified. Finally, after determinig the level of dependency, the Final Diagnosis HEP was calculated. Assessment of risk level was done using the risks' probability and intensity tables. Results: According to the results, for the four groups of understudy tasks, the lowest errors were belonged to the subtask "working with serum pumping machine'' with the error level of 0.055 and the highest error probability related to the subtask '' transfusion of blood products'' with the error rate of 0.78. Moreover, special responsibilities of the wards had the highest level of undesirable risks. Conclusion: The Analysis of identified errors in the present study shows that due to high work demand, insufficient time, and the need for accurate administrative monitoring and providing required arrangements, the main causes of errors can be attributed to high level of stress and complexity in the tasks of this ward.

Phytoremediation of lead using Plants in lead-contaminated soils is a new and safe environmental technology. By adding chelators and increasing Plant extraction, the efficiency of this technology can be increased. In this regard, we evaluated the effect of adding EDTA chelates to lead-contaminated soils to investigate the amount of lead accumulation in a medicinal Plant, Calendula officinalis. We designed a factorial experiment in the form of a completely randomized, with three replicates in pots and two factors including EDTA at two levels (0, 50 mg kg-1) and lead at four levels (0, 30, 90, and 270 mg kg-1). In this Plant, the accumulation of lead was accompanied by an increase in the amount of lead in the soil due to the addition of EDTA to the soil. The results showed that EDTA significantly increased the lead translocation of lead from roots to the aerial part of the Plant.Total Chl. and shoot dry weight decrease significantly in EDTA treatment than control specific at a high level of Pb in the soil. Also, the results showed that EDTA increased lead removal from soil to soil solution and increased lead translocation from roots to the aerial part of the Plant of Calendula officinalis. In general, the results of this research showed that with the careful management and EDTA use in lead extraction, it has provided a cost-effective and safe environmentally strategy.